I found out what the problem is/was.
In /opt/mailcow-dockerized/data/web/inc/
was a file called vars.local.inc.php
with this content
<?php
// mailcow Apps - buttons on login screen
$MAILCOW_APPS = "";
// Change theme (default: lumen)
// Needs to be one of those: cerulean, cosmo, cyborg, darkly, flatly, journal, lumen, paper, readable, sandstone,
// simplex, slate, spacelab, superhero, united, yeti
// See https://bootswatch.com/
// WARNING: Only lumen is loaded locally. Enabling any other theme, will download external sources.
$DEFAULT_THEME = 'lumen';
// Rows until pagination begins
$PAGINATION_SIZE = 100;
// Mailbox has POP3 access by default
$MAILBOX_DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTES['pop3_access'] = false;
Removing it solved the problem with blank page. I found it by comparing a working environment and and narrowing down everything with diff -r.
What is this file about?